PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) Greenfold Community Energy, Riverside Business Park |
| System | Riverside Building 2 roof array |
| Site | Greenfold Community Energy, Building 2 Riverside Business Park, Wharf Road, Marlbury |
| Client | Greenfold Community Energy Co-operative |
| Report reference | RK-2026-0512 |
| Verification date | 12 May 2026 |
| Verification type | Periodic verification |
| Prepared by | Anika Sorensen |
| CoA 1: 0 | CoA 2: 0 | CoA 3: 0 |
Sample report
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Document control
Status code: S4
| Revision | Date | Status | Description | Author | Checked | Approved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P01 | 15 May 2026 | Draft | Draft for internal check | AS | RA | |
| A | 19 May 2026 | Issued | First issue to client | AS | RA | RA |
Distribution
| Name | Organisation | Copies |
|---|---|---|
| Greenfold Community Energy Co-operative | Greenfold Community Energy Co-operative | 1 |
This report has been prepared for the client named on the cover and may not be relied upon by any other party without the written agreement of Report Kit 360. The issue table above records every revision; the latest row is the current issue.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Contents
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
1 Part A — System documentation
System data
| System name | Riverside Building 2 roof array | Rated power DC (kWp) | 98.40 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rated power AC (kW) | 90 | PV modules (make / model / quantity) | Helion HX-410M, 410 Wp, 240 modules |
| Inverters (make / model / quantity) | Veltis V-30K-3P, 30 kW, 3 units | Installation date | 27 Sep 2023 |
| Commissioning date | 11 Oct 2023 | Customer name and address | Greenfold Community Energy Co-operative, |
| Site address | Greenfold Community Energy, Building 2 Riverside Business Park, Wharf Road, Marlbury, MB5 9CK | Designer (name / company / contact) | Not applicable |
| Installer (name / company / contact) | Not applicable |
1.1 Single-line diagram
Figure 1.1 — Inverters, DC isolators and AC distribution as installed (single-line diagram GCE-E-001 is in the O&M manual)
1.2 Datasheets and as-built records
| Document | Reference / version | Supplied |
|---|---|---|
| Module datasheet | HX-410M rev C | Yes |
| Inverter datasheet | V-30K-3P | Yes |
| Mounting system datasheet | SSC-200 | Yes |
| Array layout drawing | GCE-E-002 rev B | Yes |
| Cable schedule | GCE-E-003 | Yes |
| Inverter firmware version | 4.12.1 | Yes |
1.3 Mechanical design
Mounting
| Mounting type (roof parallel / tilted / in-roof / ground) | Roof parallel on standing-seam clamps | Orientation (azimuth) | 185° (south-south-west) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inclination (°) | 12 | Structural assessment reference | Structural check by Example Engineers, ref EE-2023-114 |
1.4 Operation and maintenance information
The system operates automatically; the inverters start when the array voltage exceeds the start threshold and shut down at dusk. If generation stops, check the AC isolator, the inverter display for fault codes and the DC isolators in that order. Emergency shutdown: open the AC isolator in the plant room, then the DC isolators at the inverters; the array remains live in daylight. Maintenance: visual inspection and cleaning annually, electrical re-test every two years, thermography every two years or after any fault.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
2 Part B — Inspection
The installation was inspected visually before testing. Tests were carried out in a safe order: AC circuits first, then DC earth continuity and bonding, polarity, string open-circuit voltage, string current, functional tests and finally array insulation resistance.
DC system
| Item | Result | Note |
|---|---|---|
| DC cables rated for the system voltage and current and suitable for the environment | ✔ Pass | |
| PV-rated (not mixed-brand) connectors throughout | ✔ Pass | |
| String fusing or overcurrent protection as designed | ✔ Pass | |
| DC isolator(s) correctly rated and accessible | ✔ Pass | |
| Surge protection devices fitted where specified | ✔ Pass | |
| DC cables supported, protected from mechanical damage and sunlight | ✔ Pass | |
| No damaged, chafed or UV-degraded cable sheath | ✔ Pass |
AC system, protection and labelling
| Item | Result | Note |
|---|---|---|
| AC isolator and protection as designed | ✔ Pass | |
| Inverter installed to the manufacturer's instructions and ventilated | ✔ Pass | |
| Loss-of-mains protection settings correct for the network operator | ✔ Pass | |
| Metering and monitoring connected | ✔ Pass | |
| Dual-supply and shutdown labels fitted at the origin, meter position and inverter | ✔ Pass | |
| Warning labels on DC isolators, junction boxes and combiner boxes | ✘ Fail | Label on DC-3 faded; replaced |
Mechanical, enclosures, bonding and cable routing
| Item | Result | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Mounting system installed to the design and the manufacturer's instructions | ✔ Pass | |
| Roof penetrations weather-tight | ✔ Pass | |
| Modules clamped with the correct torque and clamp zones | ✔ Pass | |
| Enclosures of the specified IP rating, glands sealed | ✘ Fail | CB-2 gland loose; tightened on site |
| Earthing and equipotential bonding of frames and metalwork as designed | ✔ Pass | |
| No corrosion between dissimilar metals | ✔ Pass | |
| Cable routing avoids trip, chafe and rodent hazards | ✔ Pass |
The installation is tidy and consistent with the design drawings. Non-conformities: the warning label on DC isolator DC-3 is faded and illegible (minor); the gland on combiner box CB-2 is not tightened and the box IP rating is compromised (major, rectified on site); the roof-edge guard rail is missing one post cap (minor). All other inspection items passed.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
3 Part B — Test results
Table 3.1 — Test instruments
| Instrument | Serial number | Calibration due | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seaward PV150 installation tester | PV150-23311 | 2026-01-09 | Voc / polarity |
| Seaward PV150 installation tester | PV150-23311 | 2026-01-09 | Isc / current |
| Megger MIT1025 | MIT-77102 | 2025-11-20 | Insulation resistance |
| Seaward Solar Survey 200R | SS200-0451 | 2026-01-09 | Irradiance |
| Megger MFT1741 | MFT-50921 | 2025-11-20 | Earth continuity |
Table 3.2 — String open-circuit voltage, polarity and earth continuity
| String ref | Modules / string | Voc STC per module (V) | Module temp (°C) | Voc temp coeff (%/°C) | Voc expected (V) | Voc measured (V) | Deviation (%) | ±5 % check | Polarity OK | Earth continuity (Ω) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | 891.0 | 881.2 | -1.3 | Pass | Correct | 0.30 |
| S2 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | 891.0 | 879.6 | -0.9 | Pass | Correct | 0.30 |
| S3 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | 891.0 | 883.0 | -1.4 | Pass | Correct | 0.30 |
| S4 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | 891.0 | 878.1 | -1.2 | #REF! | Correct | 0.30 |
| S5 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | 891.0 | 880.4 | #REF! | #REF! | Correct | 0.30 |
| S6 | 18 | 49.50 | 25.0 | -0.290 | #REF! | 876.9 | #REF! | #REF! | Correct | 0.30 |
Table 3.3 — String current test (irradiance-adjusted)
| String ref | Irradiance (W/m²) | Isc STC (A) | Isc expected (A) | Isc / operating current (A) | Deviation (%) | ±10 % check | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | 812 | 10.90 | 8.85 | 8.72 | -1.8 | Pass | Isc |
| S2 | 812 | 10.90 | 8.85 | 8.69 | -1.1 | Pass | Isc |
| S3 | 812 | 10.90 | 8.85 | 8.75 | -2.7 | Pass | Isc |
| S4 | 812 | 10.90 | 8.85 | 8.61 | -1.7 | #REF! | Isc |
| S5 | 812 | 10.90 | 8.85 | 8.70 | #REF! | #REF! | Isc |
| S6 | 812 | 10.90 | #REF! | 8.44 | #REF! | #REF! | Isc |
Table 3.4 — PV array insulation resistance (each pole to earth)
| String ref | Voc STC string (V) | System voltage (V) | Required test V | Minimum (MΩ) | Test voltage used (V) | Ri + to earth (MΩ) | Ri − to earth (MΩ) | Lowest (MΩ) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | 891 | 1,114 | 1,000 | 1.0 | 1,000 | 212.0 | 205.0 | 190.0 | Pass |
| S2 | 891 | 1,114 | 1,000 | 1.0 | 1,000 | 198.0 | 190.0 | 231.0 | Pass |
| S3 | 891 | 1,114 | 1,000 | 1.0 | 1,000 | 240.0 | 231.0 | 199.0 | Pass |
| S4 | 891 | 1,114 | 1,000 | 1.0 | 1,000 | 205.0 | 199.0 | 181.0 | Pass |
| S5 | 891 | 1,114 | #REF! | #REF! | 1,000 | 188.0 | 181.0 | 169.0 | #REF! |
| S6 | 891 | #REF! | #REF! | #REF! | 1,000 | 176.0 | 169.0 | #REF! | #REF! |
Functional tests
| Item | Result | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Switchgear and isolators operate correctly | ✔ Pass | |
| Inverter start-up and shutdown per manufacturer procedure | ✔ Pass | |
| Loss-of-mains protection trips on disconnection | ✔ Pass | |
| Monitoring reports generation | ✔ Pass | |
| Emergency shutdown procedure demonstrated | ✔ Pass |
Verification summary
| Circuits inspected and tested | Six strings, three inverters, two combiner boxes, AC distribution | Category 2 tests performed (I–V curve, IR) | I-V curve traces on all strings; thermography of the array and combiner boxes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recommended interval to next verification (years) | 2 | Tester | Anika Sorensen |
| Date | 12 May 2026 |
I confirm that the installation was inspected and tested as recorded and that, apart from any items listed as non-conforming, it was found to comply with the design and the applicable requirements.
Prepared by Anika Sorensen Report Kit 360 Date: 19 May 2026 |
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
4 Part C — Thermographic inspection (annex)
This annex records an outdoor infrared inspection of the PV modules and balance-of-system components, following the approach of IEC TS 62446-3. Inspection level: detailed.
Personnel
| PV expert | Anika Sorensen | Thermographer and qualification (ISO 9712 level or equivalent) | Anika Sorensen, ISO 9712 Level 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Attending persons | Site caretaker; co-operative energy officer | Day and time of inspection | 12 May 2026 |
Camera system
| Make and model | FLIR T560 | Serial number | FT560-004412 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lens | 24° (f = 17 mm) | Spectral range (µm) | 7.5 to 14 |
| Thermal sensitivity NETD (mK) | 30 | Resolution (px) | 640 x 480 |
| Last traceable calibration | 14 Oct 2025 | Months since calibration | 7 |
| Visual camera (make / resolution) | Built-in 5 MP |
Environmental conditions
| Air temperature (°C) | 19 | Wind (Bft) and direction | 2 Bft SW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud cover (okta) and type | 1 okta, cirrus | In-plane irradiance (W/m²) | 812 |
| DC load during imaging (% of rated) | Not applicable | Thermal steady state reached (≥15 min after >10 %/min change) | Yes; inverters on for over 60 minutes before imaging |
Inspection condition limits
For a meaningful module inspection the in-plane irradiance should be at least 600 W/m², wind no more than 4 Bft (about 28 km/h), cloud no more than 2 okta of cumulus, soiling none or low, and the plant at thermal steady state. Where the survey departed from these limits the deviation and its effect on the findings must be stated in the procedure section.
4.1 Soiling
Figure 4.1 — Bird soiling on module 1-7 at the time of inspection
Light, uniform dust with localised bird droppings on rows 1 and 2 (about 2% of module area). The soiling was not sufficient to affect the thermal results except at module 1-7, which is recorded as a CoA 1 anomaly.
4.2 Scope
Contracted scope
| Component type designations | Crystalline silicon modules; string inverters; DC combiner boxes | PV module efficiency (%) / BOS nominal rating | 21.0% / 90 kW AC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Components inspected (list or reference) | All 240 modules; CB-1 and CB-2; three inverters | Mounting, orientation and inclination | Roof parallel, 185°, 12° |
| BOS location (roof / conduit / open air) | Combiner boxes on the roof; inverters in the plant room |
4.3 Inspection procedure
The array was inspected from the roof walkway at a viewing angle of 60° to 80° to the module plane using a FLIR T560 with the 24° lens, emissivity set to 0.85 for glass and reflected temperature measured by the reflector method (31 °C). Irradiance was logged with a reference cell in the plane of the array and remained above 780 W/m² throughout. The inverters were on and the strings loaded. Each module was imaged individually and the combiner boxes were imaged with the covers removed.
4.4 Classes of abnormality
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
4.5 Anomaly register
Table 4.1 — Thermal anomaly register
| ID | Location (≥2 identifiers) | Abnormality | CoA | T max (°C) | T ref (°C) | ΔT (K) | G (W/m²) | x | ΔT at 1000 W/m² (K) | Module Wp | Est. loss (%) | Est. kWh/yr | Est. £/yr | Remedial action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Row 3, module 14 | Single hot cell | CoA 2 | 48.6 | 31.2 | 8.8 | 812 | 1.00 | 34.4 | 410 | 2.5 | 143 | £19.11 | Inspect module; replace if cell cracked |
| A2 | Row 5, module 2 | Substring open circuit (bypass diode active) | CoA 2 | 39.8 | 31.0 | 27.9 | 812 | 1.00 | 6.0 | 410 | 33.0 | 78 | £1.72 | Test diodes; replace module |
| A3 | Combiner box CB-2 | Heated connection, string 4 fuse holder | CoA 3 | 61.4 | 33.5 | 4.9 | 812 | 1.00 | #REF! | 7,380 | 1.0 | 7 | #REF! | Isolate and remake the connection immediately |
| A4 | Row 1, module 7 | Cells shaded by soiling (bird droppings) | CoA 1 | 36.1 | 31.2 | #REF! | 812 | 1.00 | #REF! | 410 | 1.5 | #REF! | #REF! | Clean at the next maintenance visit |
| Estimated annual energy loss from listed anomalies | #REF! kWh/yr |
| Estimated annual cost of losses | #REF! £/yr |
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Thermogram
Anomaly A3
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Infrared image — Ironbow palette | Visible image |
| Scale | 28.0 to 64.0 °C | Emissivity (ε) | 0.95 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reflected temperature | 31.0 °C | Ambient temperature | 19.0 °C |
| Distance | 0.8 m | Relative humidity | 48 % |
| Classification | Electrical | ||
| Severity | CoA 3 | ||
| # | Label | Type | Position | Temperature |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | Sp1 string 4 | Spot | 38%, 44% | 61.4 °C |
| S2 | Sp2 string 5 | Spot | 62%, 44% | 33.5 °C |
Interpretation
String 4 fuse holder 28 K hotter than its neighbours under the same load: a high-resistance connection. Classified CoA 3 (fire risk); rectified on site and re-imaged.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Image record
| Object description | Combiner box CB-2, cover removed, string fuse holders | File name | IR_CB2_0412.jpg |
|---|---|---|---|
| Date and time | 2026-05-12 12:40 | Camera serial and lens | FT560-004412, 24° lens |
| Emissivity used | 0.95 | Reflected temperature (°C) | 31 |
| Ambient temperature (°C) | 19 | Exact location in plant (row / column / serial) | Roof, north-east corner, CB-2 |
| Cell designation (row letter / column number) | Not applicable (combiner box) |
Combiner box CB-2, string 4 fuse holder, 28 K above the neighbouring holders at 61 °C. This is a loose or corroded connection and is classified CoA 3 because of the fire risk. The connection was isolated and remade on the day; a repeat image after 30 minutes showed the holder within 2 K of its neighbours. Recommend checking torque on all fuse holders in CB-1 and CB-2 and repeating the thermography in two years.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
5 Summary of results and recommendations
All six strings passed the open-circuit voltage, current and insulation resistance tests with deviations within 5% and insulation resistance above 160 MΩ. Functional tests passed. Thermography found four anomalies: one CoA 3 (combiner box connection, rectified on site), two CoA 2 (hot cell at 3-14 and an open substring at 5-2, to be replaced) and one CoA 1 (soiling). The estimated annual loss from the listed anomalies is small. The system is fit for continued operation; the next periodic verification is due in two years.
Unless stated otherwise, the next periodic thermographic inspection is recommended in 2 years.
The findings describe the condition observed on the inspection date. Buildings and assets change with time, weather and use; if a decision is to be made more than three months after the inspection date we recommend that the relevant areas are re-inspected.
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Appendix A — Thermal abnormality reference
Typical patterns for crystalline and thin-film modules, summarised from the IEC TS 62446-3 matrix in our own words. ΔT values are at 1000 W/m².
| Abnormality | CoA | Typical ΔT | Pattern / action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Module in open circuit | 2 | 2–7 K (typically 4–6 K) | Whole module uniformly warm; check module, inverter state, cabling, connectors and fuses |
| Module in short circuit | 2 | 2–7 K average | Patchy pattern similar to PID or cell defects; check module and cabling |
| Broken front glass (crystalline) | 3 | 0–7 K average | Insulation lost — high-voltage hazard; may look normal at first |
| Substring in short circuit | 2 | Substring 2–7 K warmer | Check module and bypass diodes under reverse bias |
| One substring open circuit | 2–3 | 2–7 K | One third of module warm with active bypass diode; an arc at the rear raises it to CoA 3 |
| Two substrings open circuit | 2–3 | 2–7 K | Two thirds of module warm; arc raises it to CoA 3 |
| Single hot cell | 2 / 3 | 10–40 K over the cell / above 40 K | Broken cells; check shading and soiling; may damage encapsulant or diodes |
| Cells shaded by soiling | 1 / 2 | A few K (wet climates) / above 40 K (dry) | Clean where the climate is dry |
| Broken front glass (thin film) | 3 | 0–7 K average | Insulation lost |
| Transfer resistance at cross-connections (thin film) | 2–3 | Above 10 K | Point abnormality, poor soldering; review by a Level 2 thermographer |
| Transfer resistance at cell connections (crystalline) | 2–3 | Above 10 K | Broken ribbon or missed solder joint; review by a Level 2 thermographer |
| Heated junction box | 2–3 | 3 K or more against neighbouring boxes | Contact resistance or leaky bypass diode; high voltage |
| PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1) | RK-2026-0512 |
Declaration
I confirm that the inspection, tests and thermographic survey recorded in this report were carried out as stated.
Prepared by Anika Sorensen Report Kit 360 Date: 19 May 2026 | Checked by Rhys Antrobus Report Kit 360 Date: 19 May 2026 |