Report Kit 360

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)

Reference RK-2026-0512

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)
Greenfold Community Energy, Riverside Business Park
solar-pv-01
SystemRiverside Building 2 roof array
SiteGreenfold Community Energy, Building 2 Riverside Business Park, Wharf Road, Marlbury
ClientGreenfold Community Energy Co-operative
Report referenceRK-2026-0512
Verification date12 May 2026
Verification typePeriodic verification
Prepared byAnika Sorensen
CoA 1: 0CoA 2: 0CoA 3: 0

Sample report

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Document control

Status code: S4

RevisionDateStatusDescriptionAuthorCheckedApproved
P0115 May 2026DraftDraft for internal checkASRA
A19 May 2026IssuedFirst issue to clientASRARA

Distribution

NameOrganisationCopies
Greenfold Community Energy Co-operativeGreenfold Community Energy Co-operative1

This report has been prepared for the client named on the cover and may not be relied upon by any other party without the written agreement of Report Kit 360. The issue table above records every revision; the latest row is the current issue.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

1 Part A — System documentation

System data

System nameRiverside Building 2 roof arrayRated power DC (kWp)98.40
Rated power AC (kW)90PV modules (make / model / quantity)Helion HX-410M, 410 Wp, 240 modules
Inverters (make / model / quantity)Veltis V-30K-3P, 30 kW, 3 unitsInstallation date27 Sep 2023
Commissioning date11 Oct 2023Customer name and addressGreenfold Community Energy Co-operative,
Site addressGreenfold Community Energy, Building 2 Riverside Business Park, Wharf Road, Marlbury, MB5 9CKDesigner (name / company / contact)Not applicable
Installer (name / company / contact)Not applicable

1.1 Single-line diagram

solar-pv-01

Figure 1.1 — Inverters, DC isolators and AC distribution as installed (single-line diagram GCE-E-001 is in the O&M manual)

1.2 Datasheets and as-built records

DocumentReference / versionSupplied
Module datasheetHX-410M rev CYes
Inverter datasheetV-30K-3PYes
Mounting system datasheetSSC-200Yes
Array layout drawingGCE-E-002 rev BYes
Cable scheduleGCE-E-003Yes
Inverter firmware version4.12.1Yes

1.3 Mechanical design

Mounting

Mounting type (roof parallel / tilted / in-roof / ground)Roof parallel on standing-seam clampsOrientation (azimuth)185° (south-south-west)
Inclination (°)12Structural assessment referenceStructural check by Example Engineers, ref EE-2023-114

1.4 Operation and maintenance information

The system operates automatically; the inverters start when the array voltage exceeds the start threshold and shut down at dusk. If generation stops, check the AC isolator, the inverter display for fault codes and the DC isolators in that order. Emergency shutdown: open the AC isolator in the plant room, then the DC isolators at the inverters; the array remains live in daylight. Maintenance: visual inspection and cleaning annually, electrical re-test every two years, thermography every two years or after any fault.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

2 Part B — Inspection

The installation was inspected visually before testing. Tests were carried out in a safe order: AC circuits first, then DC earth continuity and bonding, polarity, string open-circuit voltage, string current, functional tests and finally array insulation resistance.

DC system

ItemResultNote
DC cables rated for the system voltage and current and suitable for the environment✔ Pass
PV-rated (not mixed-brand) connectors throughout✔ Pass
String fusing or overcurrent protection as designed✔ Pass
DC isolator(s) correctly rated and accessible✔ Pass
Surge protection devices fitted where specified✔ Pass
DC cables supported, protected from mechanical damage and sunlight✔ Pass
No damaged, chafed or UV-degraded cable sheath✔ Pass

AC system, protection and labelling

ItemResultNote
AC isolator and protection as designed✔ Pass
Inverter installed to the manufacturer's instructions and ventilated✔ Pass
Loss-of-mains protection settings correct for the network operator✔ Pass
Metering and monitoring connected✔ Pass
Dual-supply and shutdown labels fitted at the origin, meter position and inverter✔ Pass
Warning labels on DC isolators, junction boxes and combiner boxes✘ FailLabel on DC-3 faded; replaced

Mechanical, enclosures, bonding and cable routing

ItemResultNote
Mounting system installed to the design and the manufacturer's instructions✔ Pass
Roof penetrations weather-tight✔ Pass
Modules clamped with the correct torque and clamp zones✔ Pass
Enclosures of the specified IP rating, glands sealed✘ FailCB-2 gland loose; tightened on site
Earthing and equipotential bonding of frames and metalwork as designed✔ Pass
No corrosion between dissimilar metals✔ Pass
Cable routing avoids trip, chafe and rodent hazards✔ Pass

The installation is tidy and consistent with the design drawings. Non-conformities: the warning label on DC isolator DC-3 is faded and illegible (minor); the gland on combiner box CB-2 is not tightened and the box IP rating is compromised (major, rectified on site); the roof-edge guard rail is missing one post cap (minor). All other inspection items passed.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

3 Part B — Test results

Table 3.1 — Test instruments

InstrumentSerial numberCalibration dueUsed for
Seaward PV150 installation testerPV150-233112026-01-09Voc / polarity
Seaward PV150 installation testerPV150-233112026-01-09Isc / current
Megger MIT1025MIT-771022025-11-20Insulation resistance
Seaward Solar Survey 200RSS200-04512026-01-09Irradiance
Megger MFT1741MFT-509212025-11-20Earth continuity

Table 3.2 — String open-circuit voltage, polarity and earth continuity

String refModules / stringVoc STC per module (V)Module temp (°C)Voc temp coeff (%/°C)Voc expected (V)Voc measured (V)Deviation (%)±5 % checkPolarity OKEarth continuity (Ω)
S11849.5025.0-0.290891.0881.2-1.3PassCorrect0.30
S21849.5025.0-0.290891.0879.6-0.9PassCorrect0.30
S31849.5025.0-0.290891.0883.0-1.4PassCorrect0.30
S41849.5025.0-0.290891.0878.1-1.2#REF!Correct0.30
S51849.5025.0-0.290891.0880.4#REF!#REF!Correct0.30
S61849.5025.0-0.290#REF!876.9#REF!#REF!Correct0.30

Table 3.3 — String current test (irradiance-adjusted)

String refIrradiance (W/m²)Isc STC (A)Isc expected (A)Isc / operating current (A)Deviation (%)±10 % checkMethod
S181210.908.858.72-1.8PassIsc
S281210.908.858.69-1.1PassIsc
S381210.908.858.75-2.7PassIsc
S481210.908.858.61-1.7#REF!Isc
S581210.908.858.70#REF!#REF!Isc
S681210.90#REF!8.44#REF!#REF!Isc

Table 3.4 — PV array insulation resistance (each pole to earth)

String refVoc STC string (V)System voltage (V)Required test VMinimum (MΩ)Test voltage used (V)Ri + to earth (MΩ)Ri − to earth (MΩ)Lowest (MΩ)Result
S18911,1141,0001.01,000212.0205.0190.0Pass
S28911,1141,0001.01,000198.0190.0231.0Pass
S38911,1141,0001.01,000240.0231.0199.0Pass
S48911,1141,0001.01,000205.0199.0181.0Pass
S58911,114#REF!#REF!1,000188.0181.0169.0#REF!
S6891#REF!#REF!#REF!1,000176.0169.0#REF!#REF!

Functional tests

ItemResultNote
Switchgear and isolators operate correctly✔ Pass
Inverter start-up and shutdown per manufacturer procedure✔ Pass
Loss-of-mains protection trips on disconnection✔ Pass
Monitoring reports generation✔ Pass
Emergency shutdown procedure demonstrated✔ Pass

Verification summary

Circuits inspected and testedSix strings, three inverters, two combiner boxes, AC distributionCategory 2 tests performed (I–V curve, IR)I-V curve traces on all strings; thermography of the array and combiner boxes
Recommended interval to next verification (years)2TesterAnika Sorensen
Date12 May 2026

I confirm that the installation was inspected and tested as recorded and that, apart from any items listed as non-conforming, it was found to comply with the design and the applicable requirements.

Prepared by

Anika Sorensen
BEng (Hons), MCS accredited, ISO 9712 Level 2 thermographer

Report Kit 360

Date: 19 May 2026

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

4 Part C — Thermographic inspection (annex)

This annex records an outdoor infrared inspection of the PV modules and balance-of-system components, following the approach of IEC TS 62446-3. Inspection level: detailed.

Personnel

PV expertAnika SorensenThermographer and qualification (ISO 9712 level or equivalent)Anika Sorensen, ISO 9712 Level 2
Attending personsSite caretaker; co-operative energy officerDay and time of inspection12 May 2026

Camera system

Make and modelFLIR T560Serial numberFT560-004412
Lens24° (f = 17 mm)Spectral range (µm)7.5 to 14
Thermal sensitivity NETD (mK)30Resolution (px)640 x 480
Last traceable calibration14 Oct 2025Months since calibration7
Visual camera (make / resolution)Built-in 5 MP

Environmental conditions

Air temperature (°C)19Wind (Bft) and direction2 Bft SW
Cloud cover (okta) and type1 okta, cirrusIn-plane irradiance (W/m²)812
DC load during imaging (% of rated)Not applicableThermal steady state reached (≥15 min after >10 %/min change)Yes; inverters on for over 60 minutes before imaging

Inspection condition limits

For a meaningful module inspection the in-plane irradiance should be at least 600 W/m², wind no more than 4 Bft (about 28 km/h), cloud no more than 2 okta of cumulus, soiling none or low, and the plant at thermal steady state. Where the survey departed from these limits the deviation and its effect on the findings must be stated in the procedure section.

4.1 Soiling

solar-pv-02

Figure 4.1 — Bird soiling on module 1-7 at the time of inspection

Light, uniform dust with localised bird droppings on rows 1 and 2 (about 2% of module area). The soiling was not sufficient to affect the thermal results except at module 1-7, which is recorded as a CoA 1 anomaly.

4.2 Scope

Contracted scope

Component type designationsCrystalline silicon modules; string inverters; DC combiner boxesPV module efficiency (%) / BOS nominal rating21.0% / 90 kW AC
Components inspected (list or reference)All 240 modules; CB-1 and CB-2; three invertersMounting, orientation and inclinationRoof parallel, 185°, 12°
BOS location (roof / conduit / open air)Combiner boxes on the roof; inverters in the plant room

4.3 Inspection procedure

The array was inspected from the roof walkway at a viewing angle of 60° to 80° to the module plane using a FLIR T560 with the 24° lens, emissivity set to 0.85 for glass and reflected temperature measured by the reflector method (31 °C). Irradiance was logged with a reference cell in the plane of the array and remained above 780 W/m² throughout. The inverters were on and the strings loaded. Each module was imaged individually and the combiner boxes were imaged with the covers removed.

4.4 Classes of abnormality

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Each anomaly is classified as follows:

ColourRatingMeaning
CoA 1No abnormality: the component is working normally and no action is imminent.
CoA 2Thermal abnormality: establish the cause and, where necessary, put it right within a reasonable period.
CoA 3Safety-relevant thermal abnormality: interrupt operation promptly, establish the cause and rectify within a reasonable period.
PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

4.5 Anomaly register

Table 4.1 — Thermal anomaly register

IDLocation (≥2 identifiers)AbnormalityCoAT max (°C)T ref (°C)ΔT (K)G (W/m²)xΔT at 1000 W/m² (K)Module WpEst. loss (%)Est. kWh/yrEst. £/yrRemedial action
A1Row 3, module 14Single hot cellCoA 248.631.28.88121.0034.44102.5143£19.11Inspect module; replace if cell cracked
A2Row 5, module 2Substring open circuit (bypass diode active)CoA 239.831.027.98121.006.041033.078£1.72Test diodes; replace module
A3Combiner box CB-2Heated connection, string 4 fuse holderCoA 361.433.54.98121.00#REF!7,3801.07#REF!Isolate and remake the connection immediately
A4Row 1, module 7Cells shaded by soiling (bird droppings)CoA 136.131.2#REF!8121.00#REF!4101.5#REF!#REF!Clean at the next maintenance visit
Estimated annual energy loss from listed anomalies#REF! kWh/yr
Estimated annual cost of losses#REF! £/yr
PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Thermogram

Anomaly A3

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512
S1
S2

Infrared image — Ironbow palette

Temperature scalesolar-pv-03

Visible image

Scale28.0 to 64.0 °CEmissivity (ε)0.95
Reflected temperature31.0 °CAmbient temperature19.0 °C
Distance0.8 mRelative humidity48 %
ClassificationElectrical
SeverityCoA 3
#LabelTypePositionTemperature
S1Sp1 string 4Spot38%, 44%61.4 °C
S2Sp2 string 5Spot62%, 44%33.5 °C

Interpretation

String 4 fuse holder 28 K hotter than its neighbours under the same load: a high-resistance connection. Classified CoA 3 (fire risk); rectified on site and re-imaged.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Image record

Object descriptionCombiner box CB-2, cover removed, string fuse holdersFile nameIR_CB2_0412.jpg
Date and time2026-05-12 12:40Camera serial and lensFT560-004412, 24° lens
Emissivity used0.95Reflected temperature (°C)31
Ambient temperature (°C)19Exact location in plant (row / column / serial)Roof, north-east corner, CB-2
Cell designation (row letter / column number)Not applicable (combiner box)

Combiner box CB-2, string 4 fuse holder, 28 K above the neighbouring holders at 61 °C. This is a loose or corroded connection and is classified CoA 3 because of the fire risk. The connection was isolated and remade on the day; a repeat image after 30 minutes showed the holder within 2 K of its neighbours. Recommend checking torque on all fuse holders in CB-1 and CB-2 and repeating the thermography in two years.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

5 Summary of results and recommendations

All six strings passed the open-circuit voltage, current and insulation resistance tests with deviations within 5% and insulation resistance above 160 MΩ. Functional tests passed. Thermography found four anomalies: one CoA 3 (combiner box connection, rectified on site), two CoA 2 (hot cell at 3-14 and an open substring at 5-2, to be replaced) and one CoA 1 (soiling). The estimated annual loss from the listed anomalies is small. The system is fit for continued operation; the next periodic verification is due in two years.

Unless stated otherwise, the next periodic thermographic inspection is recommended in 2 years.

The findings describe the condition observed on the inspection date. Buildings and assets change with time, weather and use; if a decision is to be made more than three months after the inspection date we recommend that the relevant areas are re-inspected.

PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Appendix A — Thermal abnormality reference

Typical patterns for crystalline and thin-film modules, summarised from the IEC TS 62446-3 matrix in our own words. ΔT values are at 1000 W/m².

AbnormalityCoATypical ΔTPattern / action
Module in open circuit22–7 K (typically 4–6 K)Whole module uniformly warm; check module, inverter state, cabling, connectors and fuses
Module in short circuit22–7 K averagePatchy pattern similar to PID or cell defects; check module and cabling
Broken front glass (crystalline)30–7 K averageInsulation lost — high-voltage hazard; may look normal at first
Substring in short circuit2Substring 2–7 K warmerCheck module and bypass diodes under reverse bias
One substring open circuit2–32–7 KOne third of module warm with active bypass diode; an arc at the rear raises it to CoA 3
Two substrings open circuit2–32–7 KTwo thirds of module warm; arc raises it to CoA 3
Single hot cell2 / 310–40 K over the cell / above 40 KBroken cells; check shading and soiling; may damage encapsulant or diodes
Cells shaded by soiling1 / 2A few K (wet climates) / above 40 K (dry)Clean where the climate is dry
Broken front glass (thin film)30–7 K averageInsulation lost
Transfer resistance at cross-connections (thin film)2–3Above 10 KPoint abnormality, poor soldering; review by a Level 2 thermographer
Transfer resistance at cell connections (crystalline)2–3Above 10 KBroken ribbon or missed solder joint; review by a Level 2 thermographer
Heated junction box2–33 K or more against neighbouring boxesContact resistance or leaky bypass diode; high voltage
PV system verification report (IEC 62446-1)RK-2026-0512

Declaration

I confirm that the inspection, tests and thermographic survey recorded in this report were carried out as stated.

Prepared by

Anika Sorensen
BEng (Hons), MCS accredited, ISO 9712 Level 2 thermographer

Report Kit 360

Date: 19 May 2026

Checked by

Rhys Antrobus
BEng (Hons) CEng MCIBSE

Report Kit 360

Date: 19 May 2026